Buckley, Robert. 2001. Color imaging with JPEG 2000. In IS&T SID Color Imaging Conference; 2001; 9th:113-119. Scottsdale, AZ: IS&T.
Written by a member of the JPEG2000 committee, this article provides a brief overview of the file formats, wavelet compression scheme, and features such as âRegion-of-Interestâ encoding.
Author Abstract
The JPEG 2000 image compression standard is a wavelet-based follow-on to JPEG. While it offers better compression performance, JPEG 2000 is not expected to replace JPEG. What it is expected to do is to offer new features and capabilities, so that an encoder/decoder (client/server) will have processing choices not possible with previous compression methods. This is expected to lead to unique color imaging applications for the Web, digital cameras and handheld devices. Part 1 of the JPEG 2000 standard defines the minimal decoder and was approved as an international standard in January 2001. Still in the standards pipeline are several more parts that will specify decoder extensions, file formats, conformance and reference software. This paper will give the background and an overview of JPEG 2000, demonstrate its performance and then describe its implications for color imaging.
Buckley, Rob and Franziska Frey. 2004. Preserving Images. oe Magazine 4, no 1:Â 21-24.
Available online at oemagazine.com/fromTheMagazine/jan04/image.html
Initial Article Paragraphs
Until recently, image archiving was about preserving physical media. We are able to view 17,000-year-old cave paintings and 150-year-old photographs, for example, merely through physical access. In these cases, archiving is concerned with the stability and physical preservation of the image mediaârock surfaces, photographic paper, etc. All this has changed within the last two decades in the digital world. Digital media provide access to electronic versions of images, but require a digital infrastructureâcapture systems, networks, digital media, file systems, file formats, display devices, search enginesâto connect the viewer to the original. Archiving in this case is concerned with preservation of the digital files. Part of this effort involves making sure the digital infrastructure can display the digital files. More and more, such systems will also be dealing with pictures that were created digitally, and hence do not have physical references. A digital project starts well before the scanning of the first picture or saving of the first file. Careful planning to define the aims, priorities, technical requirements, procedures, and future use is essential for efficient workflow and results that meet expectations. Digital images constitute active collections that require regular maintenance. Provisions to upgrade digital collections to keep pace with the changing computer infrastructure should be made at the start of a project, to avoid the prospect of digital collections created at considerable cost becoming inaccessible over time. A good digital archiving project is conceived as teamwork, combining expertise in imaging, collection management, information technology, conservation, descriptive methods, and preservation strategies.
Janosky, James S. and Rutherford W. Witthus.2004. Using JPEG2000 for enhanced preservation and web access of digitalarchives â a case study. In IS&T's2004 Archiving Conference:145-149. San Antonio, TX.
Using the Aware, Inc. JPEG2000Image Server as the backdrop, this article provides a review of JPEG2000standardâs file formats, encoding options, and use of metadata boxes to storetechnical metadata, TEI Lite and PDF forms of the transcription, and a short EAD finding aid. Available online at http://charlesolson.uconn.edu/Works_in_the_Collection/Melville_Project/IST_Paper3.pdf
Author Abstract
JPEG2000 standard (ISO 15444-1) provides the advantages of advanced wavelet compression to digital archiveswhile eliminating the concerns associated with proprietary compression and fileformats. JPEG2000 allows archivists to preserve culturally significant digitalobjects using lossless compression while making the collection more accessibleto a wider audience. From a singlemaster JPEG2000 image, one can extract a highly compressed image fortransmission and display it in a web browser. The layered file format supportsextracting any desired image size or quality. Tiling, Progressive Display, andClient- Side Region of Interest can be combined to provide for effectiveviewing of archive- quality files over a limited bandwidth. Compliance with anISO standard and embedded support for multiple types of metadata each helpensure that the archive content outlives the systems that created it. Using Charles Olson's Melville Project at theUniversity of Connecticut as a case study, this paper demonstrates thecapabilities of a JPEG2000 Image Server and discusses how the JP2 and JPX filescan be used to support multiple types of metadata for such archives.
Colyer, Greg and Richard Clark. 2003. Guide to the practical implementation of JPEG 2000. London: British Standards Institute, ISBN: 0580412423 BSI: PD 6777:2003.
This publication, including a subset of information on the JPEG website, provides a detailed introduction to the standard and developing practices in the migration to and use of the JPEG2000 standard. Portions available online at http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000guide/
Author Abstract
JPEG 2000 is a new standard for digital imaging. Building on the original image coding work of the international JPEG committee, which is now widely used for storing and transferring photographic imagery, JPEG 2000 addresses many of the shortcomings of existing digital imaging systems, adds up-to-date support for technology such as colour space specification and XML metadata, and enables novel applications through its scalable design. BSI's Guide to the practical implementation of JPEG 2000 was written by two of the UK experts sitting on the JPEG committee. It is targeted at managers, application software developers and end-users who want to know more about JPEG 2000 and about how (or whether) to deploy it in their own imaging workflows. It contains case studies, highlighting some of the ways in which JPEG 2000 may make a significant impact, along with other historical background to its development. The guide's overview of the technology involved in JPEG 2000 will serve as a âway into' the standard itself. The guide contains chapters covering migration to JPEG 2000 and the various kinds of content management supported by the new standard. It also lists sources of further information, and comes with a CD-ROM including contributed papers, images and software. Some of the information in the guide is also available online, at the web site www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000guide/.
Murray, Ronald J. 2004. JPEG 2000 in Practice: The Effect of Image Content and Imaging System Characteristics. In IS&T's 2004 Archiving Conference:266-274. San Antonio, TX.
This paper describes experiments in the compression of images in JPEG2000 (including a discussion of the effect of 'noise' on lossless compression), reviews the origin of current best practices in digital library imaging, and suggests ways to build create a processing workflow for archival imaging using JPEG2000.
Author Abstract
Parties creating Digital Library resources adopt and reinvent preexisting image file formats and format management techniques to satisfy Digital Library system requirements. While it will take some time for JPEG 2000- based Digital Library practices to gain prominence, the result will partially supplant and exist in parallel with TIFF-based practices. Initial efforts at outlining a JPEG 2000 practice indicate that significant differences in image quality, post-processing, file management and network resource requirements may exist. Our studies have indicated that not only must methods for determining digitizing device performance characteristics and image capture specifications based on TIFF practice must be revisited, clarified, and verified empirically; but that the concepts, terminology, and assumptions used to discuss or compare the two forms of practice must also be brought up to date; and that the specifications and techniques that constitute a JPEG 2000 practice are best developed by a multidisciplinary, mission-focused team of specialists from all Digital Library-relevant fields.
Misic, Vladimir, Kari Kraus, Morris Eaves, Kevin J. Parker, and Rob Buckley. 2002. MRC for Compression of Blake Archive Images. In Applications of digital image processing, ed. A. G. Tescher:479-490. Seattle, WA: SPIE; 2002.
This article describes usage of JPEG2000 capabilities to reformat and enhance access to colored engravings. In particular, the JPEG2000 feature to separate the engraving layer of the source from the color layer of the source provides a new way for scholars to study the works.
Author Abstract
The William Blake Archive is part of an emerging class of electronic projects in the humanities that may be described as hypermedia archives. It provides structured access to high-quality electronic reproductions of rare and often unique primary source materials, in this case the work of poet and painter William Blake. Due to the extensive high frequency content of Blakeâs paintings (namely, colored engravings), they are not suitable for very efficient compression that meets both rate and distortion criteria at the same time. Resolving that problem, the authors utilized modified Mixed Raster Content (MRC) compression scheme -- originally developed for compression of compound documents -- for the compression of colored engravings. In this paper, for the first time, we have been able to demonstrate the successful use of the MRC compression approach for the compression of colored, engraved images. Additional, but not less important benefits of the MRC image representation for Blake scholars are presented: because the applied segmentation method can essentially lift the color overlay of an impression, it provides the student of Blake the unique opportunity to recreate the underlying copperplate image, model the artistâs coloring process, and study them separately.
Politou, Eugenia, George P. Pavlidis, and Christodoulos Chamzas. 2004. JPEG2000 and Dissemination of Cultural Heritage over the Internet. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13, no. 3: 293-301.
The authors describe a project under the auspices of EUREKA to provide access to preservation-quality reproductions of artwork using a web browser-based plug-in in a client-server model to deliver content to the user over what might be potentially slow Internet connections.
Author Abstract
By applying the latest technologies in image compression for managing the storage of massive image data within cultural heritage databases and by exploiting the universality of the Internet we are now able not only to effectively digitize, record and preserve, but also to promote the dissemination of cultural heritage. In this work we present an application of the latest image compression standard JPEG2000 in managing and browsing image databases, focusing on the image transmission aspect rather than database management and indexing. We combine the technologies of JPEG2000 image compression with client-server socket connections and client browser plug-in, as to provide with an all-in-one package for remote browsing of JPEG2000 compressed image databases, suitable for the effective dissemination of cultural heritage.
Taubman, David S. and Michael W. Marcellin. 2002. JPEG2000: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards, and Practice. Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Publisher Description
JPEG2000: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice is an essential reference for professional engineers and academic researchers in the fields of communication, image processing, signal processing, information theory, and multimedia. It has specific applications for those involved in the development of software and hardware solutions for multimedia, internet, and medical imaging applications, and for those pursuing research in image and video compression. The book is suitable as a primary text for a course in image compression; it would also be helpful in the context of a more general class covering multimedia compression at an in-depth level. Final year engineering undergraduate students pursuing projects in multimedia compression and/or communication would also find the book a useful tool. JPEG2000: Image Compression Fundamentals, Standards and Practice is written in four parts, to serve the interests of a wide readership.
Taubman, David S. and Michael W. Marcellin. 2002. JPEG2000: Standard for Interactive Imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE 90, no. 8: 1336-1357.
This review article provides an in-depth study of the wavelet technology used by JPEG2000, a description of how the file format supports tiling, layer separation, and segmented retrieval, and a comparison with the original JPEG standard.
Author Abstract
JPEG2000 is the latest image compression standard to emerge from the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) working under the auspices of the International Standards Organization. Although the new standard does offer superior compression performance to JPEG, JPEG2000 provides a whole new way of interacting with compressed imagery in a scalable and interoperable fashion. This paper provides a tutorial-style review of the new standard, explaining the technology on which it is based and drawing comparisons with JPEG and other compression standards. The paper also describes new work, exploiting the capabilities of JPEG2000 in client-server systems for efficient interactive browsing of images over the internet.
